viernes, julio 06, 2007

“El Agua ni se niega, ni se vende”

“El Agua no se le niega a nadie pero helada vale 1 córdova”


Elhance, a través del concepto hydropolitics explica como las cuencas hidrográficas que se entienden entre dos o más naciones se convierte en sujetos de conflictos y cooperaciones estrechamente ligados a la soberanía y seguridad nacional y esto porque el agua es un recurso finito y no renovadle, indispensable para la vida humana tanto para suplir actividades domésticas, agrícolas e industriales así como para mantener el ecosistema que nos rodea. Los problemas derivados de la escasez del recurso y la configuración de las cuencas hidrográficas como concentradores del agua son cada día más evidentes y es que la demanda y la deforestación de las cuencas hacen que el recurso sea sobre explotado disminuyendo drásticamente las posibilidades de captación del agua. El autor remite pues a una perspectiva global y nacional pero necesariamente también remite a evidenciar las expresiones de esta situación a nivel local, los Estados delimitan sus territorios a través de fronteras sobre las cuales mantienen su dominio y con ello de todos los recursos que en el existen, sin embargo las cuencas hidrográficas se escapan de estas delimitaciones politicas pudiendo ubicarse en dos o más paises, los municipios también reproducen estas lógicas de soberanía sobre sus pequeños territorios y las subcuencas y microcuencas tampoco distinguen de sus fronteras politicas, en lo particular conozco muy a fondo el caso de la Subcuenca del Río San Simón en el Oriente de El Salvador la cual se ubicaba en tres municipios y abastecía a 6 municipios (3 afuera de la cuenca) esta cuenca se caracterizaba por que los gobiernos municipales eran de diferente partido político (lo que dificultaba las negociaciones alrededor del recurso y conflictuaba aún más la situación), había gran diversidad de intereses y usos respecto los vertientes y la inequitativa distribución del liquido que incluso dejaba desabastecido al municipio donde se encontraban los pozos y al municipio donde se producía la recarga del acuífero. A nivel físico la contaminación del agua y la devastación de bosques por una empresa geotérmica así como el manejo de ganado en la parte media de la subcuenca también generaba graves problemas físicos que afectaban la calidad y cantidad del agua así como amenazaban la sostenibilidad del recurso. Los conflictos por la distribución del agua eran evidentes, una vez un alcalde le corto el agua a una comunidad porque estaba fuera de su municipio y en la tarde tenía tres camiones con gente protestando en la puerta de su oficina. Había pues una necesidad apremiante de buscar un mecanismo que permitiera el manejo sustentable, equitativo de la cuenca y un mecanismo de dialogo entre todos los actores beneficiados de la cuenca, por otro lado tenía que realizarse un ordenamiento territorial de manera que no aumentaran las actividades que contaminaban los afluentes y a la vez reducir los impactos de las actividades que ya estaban establecidas tales como la geotérmica.
Con este ejemplo trato de demostrar como a nivel local se manifiestan también los conflictos y negociaciones por el agua y el manejo y apropiación de su fuente la Cuenca hidrográfica así como la necesidad de que el estudio de estas situaciones sea realizada desde diversas perspectivas que permitan entender esa complejidad social, cultural y política. Al respecto Turton y Henwood muestran la necesidad de realizar estudios sistemáticos sobre el tema y con ellos proponer un concepto de hidropolitica que permita comprender esta complejidad y del cual se deriven los métodos para analizarla que superen, integren los resultados provenientes de los diferentes enfoques que lo explican como fuente de conflicto entre la centralización y descentralización, la escasez del agua como parte del medio ambiente, como políticas para garantizar el manejo del agua y explicar los usos sociales y culturales relacionados no solo con el agua sino una perspectiva integradora que también devele todas las variables de desarrollo que están implicadas.

A mi juicio el estudio del agua desde la etnografía debe de tener un balance en las prácticas y representaciones, es decir es necesario disgregar las relaciones políticas, sociales, de poder que se entrelazan alrededor del recurso y como se manifiestan en las representaciones de los grupos particulares lo cual contribuirá a complementar estudios realizados por otras disciplinas.



BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Elhance, A.P., Hidropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins. 1999, Washington, D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press. 3-23.

Turton, Anthony and Roland Henwood (Editors), Hidroplotics in the Developing World a Soutern African Perspective, 2002, South African. Chapter I.13-22.

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